Minoan society arose on the island of Crete, late 3 third millennium B.C.E.
Between 2200 and 1450 B.C.E., was the center of Mediterranean commerce
Received early influences from Phoenicia and Egypt
Untranslated form of writing, Linear A, was used
By 1100 B.C.E., Crete fell under foreign domination
Mycenaean society: named after important city, Mycenae
Indo-European immigrants settled in Greece, 2000 B.C.E.
Adapted Minoan Linear A into their script, Linear B
Stone fortresses in the Peloponnesus (southern Greece) protected agricultural settlements and attracted settlers who built small agricultural communities because of protection offered
Overpowered Minoan society and expanded to Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy
Chaos in the eastern Mediterranean after Trojan War (1200 B.C.E.)
The world of the polisgradually emerged in Greece
Sparta began to extend control during eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E.
Reduced the neighboring peoples to the status of helots, or semi-free servants
Maintained domination by a powerful military machine
Spartan society
Discouraged social distinction, observed austere lifestyle, did not wear jewelry or elaborate clothes nor did they pamper themselves and accumulate private wealth on large scale
Distinction was drawn by prowess, discipline, and military talent
Athens gradually broadened base of political participation
Solon sought to negotiate order by democratic principles
Citizenship was open to free adult males, not to foreigners, slaves, and women
Athenian society
Maritime trade brought about prosperity to Attica, the region of Athens
Aristocratic landowners were primary beneficiaries
Class tension became intensified in the sixth century B.C.E.
Pericles (ca. 443-429 B.C.E.), most popular democratic leader of Athens
Trojan War: Mycenaeans engaged in conflict with city of Troy in Anatolia, invasions of foreign mariners in Mycenaean homeland from 1100 to 800 B.C.E., made it impossible to maintain stable governments or productive agricultural societies Polis: a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of war or other emergencies, took various political roles as well, many gradually became lively commercial centers, by 800 B.C.E. many had become city-states that functioned as principal centers of Greek society, most important were Sparta and Athens Solon: Mediator between classes, try to keep everyone's best interests in mind, allowed wealthy to keep their land and money, but also afforded wealth to the poor by cancelling debts, forbading debt slavery, and liberating those already enslaved for debt, opened Polis to all who could afford it Pericles: most popular Athenian leader for 461 B.C.E. until his death 429 B.C.E., supported building programs supplying jobs for thousands of construction workers and laborers, under his leadership Athens became most sophisticated Poleis, Athens had scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects
Greece Poleis
Greece and the Larger World
Greek Colonization
Poleis were emerging as centers of political organization (800 B.C.E.)
Strained by large population the created colonies in other parts of the Mediterranean basin
Spread into Europe as far as current day Spain
Allowed easier access to metal materials and more fertile grounds for growing crops
Conflict with Persia
Greek cities rebelled against Persian rule and Greek poleis sent a fleet of ships to help
Persia attacked Marathon and Athens, Athenians greatly outnumbered still won
Xerxes decided to avenge Persian losses and sent a massive force (100,000 troops and 1,000 ships)
Took over Athens, but were routed by the end of the year
Fought intermittently, but no more war, mostly small scale skirmishes
Delian League, the alliance of Greek poleis
Athens was paid to protect other poleis
Sparta and Athens fought for power in Peloponnesian War
Sparta took over after 30 years of civil war
Sparked more conflicts because of new jealousies
Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and other poleis
The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire
King Philip II built a powerful military force and made himself ruler of Macedon
Peloponnesian War impacted poleis, they couldn't agree to form an alliance against Philip
Easily swept through Greece and by 338 B.C.E. had it all under his control
Was ready to take over Persia, but was killed by an assassin in 336 B.C.E
The invasion of Persia fell to his son Alexander the Great
Alexander established himself as ruler in 330 B.C.E.
By 327 B.C.E. he crossed the Indus river and subjected local rulers
Would have continued into India, but his soldiers refused to go further from home
Returned home in 324 B.C.E
In June of 323 B.C.E. Alexander died after extended drinking and feasting
Had named 70 cities Alexandria in his own honor
The Hellenistic Empires
Divided Empires into 3 parts
Antigonus took Greece and Macedon
Ptolemy took Egypt
Seleucus took the former Achaemenid empire
Greeks Antingonid authority, but would acknowledge their authority if given tax breaks and local autonomy
Ptolemaic Egypt was the wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
Alexandria was the capital and most important city in the Hellenistic world
Greek influence was in all of the Hellenistic empires, but was most easily seen in Seleucid -TV
Greek economy and society -
1.Trade and the integration of the Mediterranean Basin
2.Trade and commerce flourished resulting in population growth and more colonies
3.Production of olive oil and wine, in exchange for grain and other items
4.Led to broader sense of Greek community
5. Panhellenic festivals became popular
6.Greek society was built in Homer's works
7.Heroic warriors and outspoken wives in Homer's world
8.Strong-willed human beings clashed constantly
9.Women could not own landed property but could operate small businesses
10.Priestess was the only public position for women
11.Spartan women enjoyed higher status than women of other poleis
12.Sappho: Talented female poet wrote poems of attraction to women which Instructed young women in music and literature at home
Cultural life of classical Greece
The formation of greek cultural traditions-philosophy based on human reason
Socrates: 470-399 B.C.E An unexamined life is not worth living, encouraged reflection on questions of ethics
and morality, was condemned to death on charge of corrupting Athenian youths.
Plato: 430-347 B.C.E A zealous disiple of Socrates, Reflection on the forms on imperfectness in the world
His Republic expressed the ideal of philosophical kings
Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.E Plato's Student, distrusted theory of forms, devised rules of logic to construct very
powerful arguments, rely on senses to provide accurate information
Aristotle and his teacher Plato-AH
11. Popular religion and Greek drama
1.Greek deities: Zeus and scores of subordinate deities
2. Drama was performed at annual theatrical festivalsGreat tragedians explored the possibilities and limitations of human action, Comic drama took delight in lampooning the public figures
3.The Hellenistic philosophers: search for personal tranquility
4.Epicureans: identified pleasure as the greatest good
5.Skeptics: doubted certainty of knowledge, sought equanimity
6.Stoics: taught individuals duty to aid others and lead virtuous lives
Development and interaction of cultures
Science and Technology
King Philip II built powerful military machine to become ruler of Macedon
Advanced sailing craft of Phoenician design (2200 B.C.E)
The Arts and Architecture
Epic poems of ancient Greece by Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey
2000-1700 B.C.E Crete inhabitants built lavish palaces Residencies of rulers Storehouses where taxes were collected
Built luxurious complexes with indoor plumbing and drainage systems after Minoan society went through many natural disasters
(After 1450 B.C.E) Built massive stone fortresses and palaces through Peloponnesus (southern part of Greek peninsula) -AS
3. State building, expansion and conflict
Minoan Society
Founded on island of Crete, late 3000 B.C.E
Palace officials developed Linear A, written symbols stood for syllables. Used to keep records of economic matters.
Cretans traded via ships designed by Phoenicians.
Cretans rebuilt palaces destroyed by natural disasters with plumbing.
Mycenaean Society
Merged Linear A with early form of Greek to create Linear B.
Attracted settlers by building massive stone fortresses, offered protection
Overpowered Minoan society and conquered Cretan palaces
Settled in peninsular Greece, Anatolia, Sicily, southern Italy
Destroyed during Trojan war, Linear A and B lost.
Sparta
Settled in fertile region of the Peloponnesus, extended control during 800 and 700 B.C.E
Helots-servants of Sparta, used for agricultural labor and keep steady food supply for Sparta.
Spartan citizens equal, almost no social distinction, very simple lifestyles.
Social distinction determined by military talent, boys moved to barracks at 7 and entered military at 20. Women also underwent training in order to bear strong children.
By 400 B.C.E, social distinction and wealth prevalent.
Sparta almost entirely dependent on military strength.
Athens
Gov. based on democracy
Male dominated society, only men involved in public affairs
Trade brought wealth to Attica, region around Athens
Solon-aristocrat who settled conflicts with other aristocrats and lower class Athenians, contributed towards the democracy of the Athenian gov.
Pericles-Athenian leader, made Athens very diverse and most sophisticated of the poleis, referred to Athens as the 'Education of Greece' -JN
FiveThemes: -KD
Interaction Between Humans and The Environment:
-The Mediterranean was not a barrier but served almost as a highway linking Anatolia, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France, Spain, and Northern Africa.
-Minoan Society experienced earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves, on Island of Thera.
-Cretans built indoor plumbing and drainage systems, some even had flush toilets.
-Homer's work of the Iliad and the Odyssey make maritime links clear throughout the Mediterranean Basin.
Development and Interaction of Cultures:
-Homer's epics influenced the development of classical Greek thought and literature.
-Inhabitants of Crete built series of lavish palaces throughout the island, but an enormous complex at Knossos is most notable.
-Linear A, were symbols that stood for syllables.
-Linear B, was a early form of Greek, and was syllabic script.
-Cretans were traveling aboard advanced sailing craft of Phoenician design.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict:
-"Greek peninsula built their societies under the influence of Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, and others active in the region." (Pg. 232)
-Greeks organized city-states.
-Mycenaeans engaged in conflict with the city of Troy in Anatolia. (Trojan war as Homer called it in the Iliad.)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems:
-Crete was a center of Mediterranean commerce.
-"Minoan ships sailed to Greece, Anatolia, Phoenicia, and Egypt, where they exchanged Cretan wine, olive oil, and wool for grains, textiles, and manufactured goods." (Pg. 232.)
-Cretans established colonies on Cyprus and many islands in the Aegean Sea, to probably mine Cooper ore.
-Mycenaeans built small agricultural communities.
-Mycenaeans overpowered Minoan society, and took over Cretan palaces, and established craft workshops.
Development and Transformation of Social Structures:
-Distinction among Ancient Spartans were by prowess, discipline, and military talent.
-All boys of Spartan citizens left their homes at age 7 to live in military barracks.
-At 20 boys became active in military service.
-Spartan women did not live with husbands, until the husband was 30 which is when they were able to leave the military to set up their household with wife and children.
- Early development of Greek society
- Minoan and Mycenaean Societies
- Minoan society arose on the island of Crete, late 3 third millennium B.C.E.
- Between 2200 and 1450 B.C.E., was the center of Mediterranean commerce
- Received early influences from Phoenicia and Egypt
- Untranslated form of writing, Linear A, was used
- By 1100 B.C.E., Crete fell under foreign domination
- Mycenaean society: named after important city, Mycenae
- Indo-European immigrants settled in Greece, 2000 B.C.E.
- Adapted Minoan Linear A into their script, Linear B
- Stone fortresses in the Peloponnesus (southern Greece) protected agricultural settlements and attracted settlers who built small agricultural communities because of protection offered
- Overpowered Minoan society and expanded to Anatolia, Sicily, and Italy
- Chaos in the eastern Mediterranean after Trojan War (1200 B.C.E.)
- The world of the polisgradually emerged in Greece
- Sparta began to extend control during eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E.
- Reduced the neighboring peoples to the status of helots, or semi-free servants
- Maintained domination by a powerful military machine
- Spartan society
- Discouraged social distinction, observed austere lifestyle, did not wear jewelry or elaborate clothes nor did they pamper themselves and accumulate private wealth on large scale
- Distinction was drawn by prowess, discipline, and military talent
- Athens gradually broadened base of political participation
- Solon sought to negotiate order by democratic principles
- Citizenship was open to free adult males, not to foreigners, slaves, and women
- Athenian society
- Maritime trade brought about prosperity to Attica, the region of Athens
- Aristocratic landowners were primary beneficiaries
- Class tension became intensified in the sixth century B.C.E.
- Pericles (ca. 443-429 B.C.E.), most popular democratic leader of Athens
Trojan War: Mycenaeans engaged in conflict with city of Troy in Anatolia, invasions of foreign mariners in Mycenaean homeland from 1100 to 800 B.C.E., made it impossible to maintain stable governments or productive agricultural societiesPolis: a citadel or fortified site that offered refuge for local communities during times of war or other emergencies, took various political roles as well, many gradually became lively commercial centers, by 800 B.C.E. many had become city-states that functioned as principal centers of Greek society, most important were Sparta and Athens
Solon: Mediator between classes, try to keep everyone's best interests in mind, allowed wealthy to keep their land and money, but also afforded wealth to the poor by cancelling debts, forbading debt slavery, and liberating those already enslaved for debt, opened Polis to all who could afford it
Pericles: most popular Athenian leader for 461 B.C.E. until his death 429 B.C.E., supported building programs supplying jobs for thousands of construction workers and laborers, under his leadership Athens became most sophisticated Poleis, Athens had scientists, philosophers, poets, dramatists, artists, and architects
- Greece and the Larger World
- Greek Colonization
- Poleis were emerging as centers of political organization (800 B.C.E.)
- Strained by large population the created colonies in other parts of the Mediterranean basin
- Spread into Europe as far as current day Spain
- Allowed easier access to metal materials and more fertile grounds for growing crops
- Conflict with Persia
- Greek cities rebelled against Persian rule and Greek poleis sent a fleet of ships to help
- Persia attacked Marathon and Athens, Athenians greatly outnumbered still won
- Xerxes decided to avenge Persian losses and sent a massive force (100,000 troops and 1,000 ships)
- Took over Athens, but were routed by the end of the year
- Fought intermittently, but no more war, mostly small scale skirmishes
- Delian League, the alliance of Greek poleis
- Athens was paid to protect other poleis
- Sparta and Athens fought for power in Peloponnesian War
- Sparta took over after 30 years of civil war
- Sparked more conflicts because of new jealousies
- Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and other poleis
- The Macedonians and the Coming of Empire
- King Philip II built a powerful military force and made himself ruler of Macedon
- Peloponnesian War impacted poleis, they couldn't agree to form an alliance against Philip
- Easily swept through Greece and by 338 B.C.E. had it all under his control
- Was ready to take over Persia, but was killed by an assassin in 336 B.C.E
- The invasion of Persia fell to his son Alexander the Great
- Alexander established himself as ruler in 330 B.C.E.
- By 327 B.C.E. he crossed the Indus river and subjected local rulers
- Would have continued into India, but his soldiers refused to go further from home
- Returned home in 324 B.C.E
- In June of 323 B.C.E. Alexander died after extended drinking and feasting
- Had named 70 cities Alexandria in his own honor
- The Hellenistic Empires
- Divided Empires into 3 parts
- Antigonus took Greece and Macedon
- Ptolemy took Egypt
- Seleucus took the former Achaemenid empire
- Greeks Antingonid authority, but would acknowledge their authority if given tax breaks and local autonomy
- Ptolemaic Egypt was the wealthiest of the Hellenistic empires
- Alexandria was the capital and most important city in the Hellenistic world
- Greek influence was in all of the Hellenistic empires, but was most easily seen in Seleucid -TV
- Greek economy and society -
- 1.Trade and the integration of the Mediterranean Basin
- 2.Trade and commerce flourished resulting in population growth and more colonies
- 3.Production of olive oil and wine, in exchange for grain and other items
- 4.Led to broader sense of Greek community
- Cultural life of classical Greece
- The formation of greek cultural traditions-philosophy based on human reason
Socrates: 470-399 B.C.E An unexamined life is not worth living, encouraged reflection on questions of ethics5. Panhellenic festivals became popular
6.Greek society was built in Homer's works
7.Heroic warriors and outspoken wives in Homer's world
8.Strong-willed human beings clashed constantly
9.Women could not own landed property but could operate small businesses
10.Priestess was the only public position for women
11.Spartan women enjoyed higher status than women of other poleis
12.Sappho: Talented female poet wrote poems of attraction to women which Instructed young women in music and literature at home
and morality, was condemned to death on charge of corrupting Athenian youths.
Plato: 430-347 B.C.E A zealous disiple of Socrates, Reflection on the forms on imperfectness in the world
His Republic expressed the ideal of philosophical kings
Aristotle: 384-322 B.C.E Plato's Student, distrusted theory of forms, devised rules of logic to construct very
powerful arguments, rely on senses to provide accurate information
1.Greek deities: Zeus and scores of subordinate deities
2. Drama was performed at annual theatrical festivalsGreat tragedians explored the possibilities and limitations of human action, Comic drama took delight in lampooning the public figures
3.The Hellenistic philosophers: search for personal tranquility
4.Epicureans: identified pleasure as the greatest good
5.Skeptics: doubted certainty of knowledge, sought equanimity
6.Stoics: taught individuals duty to aid others and lead virtuous lives
Development and interaction of cultures
Science and Technology
King Philip II built powerful military machine to become ruler of Macedon
Advanced sailing craft of Phoenician design (2200 B.C.E)
The Arts and Architecture
Epic poems of ancient Greece by Homer: the Iliad and the Odyssey
2000-1700 B.C.E Crete inhabitants built lavish palaces
Residencies of rulers
Storehouses where taxes were collected
Built luxurious complexes with indoor plumbing and drainage systems after Minoan society went through many natural disasters
(After 1450 B.C.E) Built massive stone fortresses and palaces through Peloponnesus (southern part of Greek peninsula) -AS
3. State building, expansion and conflict
Minoan Society
Founded on island of Crete, late 3000 B.C.E
Palace officials developed Linear A, written symbols stood for syllables. Used to keep records of economic matters.
Cretans traded via ships designed by Phoenicians.
Cretans rebuilt palaces destroyed by natural disasters with plumbing.
Mycenaean Society
Merged Linear A with early form of Greek to create Linear B.
Attracted settlers by building massive stone fortresses, offered protection
Overpowered Minoan society and conquered Cretan palaces
Settled in peninsular Greece, Anatolia, Sicily, southern Italy
Destroyed during Trojan war, Linear A and B lost.
Sparta
Settled in fertile region of the Peloponnesus, extended control during 800 and 700 B.C.E
Helots-servants of Sparta, used for agricultural labor and keep steady food supply for Sparta.
Spartan citizens equal, almost no social distinction, very simple lifestyles.
Social distinction determined by military talent, boys moved to barracks at 7 and entered military at 20. Women also underwent training in order to bear strong children.
By 400 B.C.E, social distinction and wealth prevalent.
Sparta almost entirely dependent on military strength.
Athens
Gov. based on democracy
Male dominated society, only men involved in public affairs
Trade brought wealth to Attica, region around Athens
Solon-aristocrat who settled conflicts with other aristocrats and lower class Athenians, contributed towards the democracy of the Athenian gov.
Pericles-Athenian leader, made Athens very diverse and most sophisticated of the poleis, referred to Athens as the 'Education of Greece' -JN
Five Themes: -KD
Interaction Between Humans and The Environment:
-The Mediterranean was not a barrier but served almost as a highway linking Anatolia, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France, Spain, and Northern Africa.
-Minoan Society experienced earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves, on Island of Thera.
-Cretans built indoor plumbing and drainage systems, some even had flush toilets.
-Homer's work of the Iliad and the Odyssey make maritime links clear throughout the Mediterranean Basin.
Development and Interaction of Cultures:
-Homer's epics influenced the development of classical Greek thought and literature.
-Inhabitants of Crete built series of lavish palaces throughout the island, but an enormous complex at Knossos is most notable.
-Linear A, were symbols that stood for syllables.
-Linear B, was a early form of Greek, and was syllabic script.
-Cretans were traveling aboard advanced sailing craft of Phoenician design.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict:
-"Greek peninsula built their societies under the influence of Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Phoenicians, and others active in the region." (Pg. 232)
-Greeks organized city-states.
-Mycenaeans engaged in conflict with the city of Troy in Anatolia. (Trojan war as Homer called it in the Iliad.)
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems:
-Crete was a center of Mediterranean commerce.
-"Minoan ships sailed to Greece, Anatolia, Phoenicia, and Egypt, where they exchanged Cretan wine, olive oil, and wool for grains, textiles, and manufactured goods." (Pg. 232.)
-Cretans established colonies on Cyprus and many islands in the Aegean Sea, to probably mine Cooper ore.
-Mycenaeans built small agricultural communities.
-Mycenaeans overpowered Minoan society, and took over Cretan palaces, and established craft workshops.
Development and Transformation of Social Structures:
-Distinction among Ancient Spartans were by prowess, discipline, and military talent.
-All boys of Spartan citizens left their homes at age 7 to live in military barracks.
-At 20 boys became active in military service.
-Spartan women did not live with husbands, until the husband was 30 which is when they were able to leave the military to set up their household with wife and children.
-KD